The U.S. Senate is steadily aging — but members leave on their own terms
Nearly 20% of U.S. senators will soon be older than every member of Canada's Senate
The U.S. Senate counts prominent octogenarians among its ranks, but no 20-somethings at all.
That's because the U.S. Constitution requires senators to be at least 30 years old, with no such corresponding limit for elder persons serving in the role.
Yet recent events involving some of the oldest and most senior-ranking senators this summer — Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell and veteran Democrat Sen. Dianne Feinstein — have renewed questions about whether an age limit would be appropriate.
The Senate membership itself is steadily growing older, and Paul Quirk, a political science professor at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, points out that the party standings between the Democrats and Republicans are tight.
Add that all up, and there are potential implications for both parties at a time when they need as many members as possible to be in good health and available for contentious votes in the Senate.
But there's no simple way for parties to remove sitting senators, even if they hold concerns about the fitness of specific individuals serving in it.
"There isn't any plausible way to force them to do it," Quirk, a specialist in U.S. politics, said in an interview last month. The only real option, he said, is to urge individuals to step down.
The entire discussion of the age-limit topic is enveloped by questions of ageism and political partisanship, as well as a lack of political will to change the status quo — if that is even possible on a legal basis — within a sharply divided political system.
"You're not going to get a constitutional amendment in the United States on anything right now," Matthew Lebo, a political science professor at Western University in London, Ont., said last month.
An unexplained pause
On Wednesday, McConnell appeared to briefly freeze up and was unable to answer a question from a reporter at an event in Kentucky, weeks after he had a similar episode in Washington.
According to video from a local news station, the 81-year-old McConnell was asked whether he would run for re-election in 2026. The senator asked the reporter to repeat the question before trailing off and staring straight ahead for about 10 seconds.
A woman standing at the front of the room with McConnell asked him whether he heard the question and she repeated it. When he didn't answer, she announced to the room that "we're going to need a minute."
McConnell eventually answered two additional questions — though not the one about a 2026 campaign — and was halting and appeared to have some difficulty speaking. The news conference was ended and McConnell left the room, walking slowly.
In July, McConnell previously made headlines after he abruptly paused for roughly 20 seconds during a discussion with reporters and then left his own press conference, only to return a few minutes later.
He subsequently said he was "fine." And a spokesperson said in July that McConnell, who also suffered a concussion earlier this year, intends to continue in his job as the Republican Senate leader through next year's election.
On the other side of the political aisle, Feinstein, a veteran Democratic senator from California, has also drawn attention for health-related issues she has been going through.
The 90-year-old Feinstein — who won't seek re-election next year — has dealt with a bout of shingles, as well as encephalitis and Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Her health struggles caused her to be absent from the Senate for more than two months earlier this year.
She faced renewed questions about her health after she appeared to be confused during a Senate committee vote in July. Feinstein began delivering remarks, rather than voting, as she was being called upon to do.
Earlier this month, Feinstein had a fall at her home and made a brief trip to the hospital.
Both Feinstein and McConnell have served decades in the Senate, as has Republican Sen. Chuck Grassley, the sixth-longest serving senator in U.S. history, who will turn 90 in September.
This group, along with the soon-to-be 82-year-old Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders, comprise the four oldest sitting senators.
The focus on the ages of these politicians has an underlying political current, said Western University's Lebo.
And while polls may crop up suggesting interest in age limits for elected officials, Lebo said they aren't conducted in a political vacuum, and "the people who voted for a very old senator will typically be against the idea."
He also noted that the job of a senator is complex and requires a lengthy build-up of experience to thrive in. Elder members have presumably long ascended through that learning curve.
Debate over the age of politicians isn't restricted to the Senate: U.S. President Joe Biden, 80, has faced repeated questions about his age, though he is undeterred in plans to seek a second Oval Office term.
Jim Risch, a Republican senator for Idaho, turned 80 in May, while Democratic Sen. Ben Cardin of Maryland is set to reach the same milestone this fall.
That means that by the end of the year, six per cent of the U.S. Senate will be 80 or older.
At least a dozen other senators are in their mid or late 70s, according to online data from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
That means that by next year, nearly one-fifth of sitting U.S. senators will be older than all of the senators on this side of the border.
Canadian age limit
In Canada, senators — who are appointed, not elected, unlike U.S. senators — face mandatory retirement at age 75.
That's the result of legislation brought forward in 1965. Senators previously appointed on a lifetime basis, however, were not required to stop working when they reached that age — though they were eligible for a pension, if they were 75 or older and chose to retire, within a certain time period of the legislation coming into effect.
"Few of the 36 over-age senators intend to step out immediately," the Toronto Star reported in May 1965, after the accompanying bill was given final approval in the House of Commons.
J. Wesley Stambaugh, a 76-year-old senator, was the first to take that step, in June 1965. Sen. Nancy Hodges resigned from the Senate a few days later, also at 76.
Few of their contemporaries immediately followed their lead, with later reporting from the Globe and Mail noting that just five senators in this age group retired from the Senate by the following February.
David Croll was appointed to the Senate in 1955. The retirement option came into effect 10 years into his 36-year run in the Red Chamber.
He would continue being highly engaged in his Senate work — and commuting from Toronto to Ottawa to do it — until his death at the age of 91.
Croll's long tenure was mentioned in news coverage following his death.
"He was the senior member in the Senate," the Globe and Mail reported. "Because he was appointed before the compulsory-retirement legislation was enacted, he was there for life."
Croll put in an 11-hour workday at the Senate on the last day of his life, according to the paper.
Western University's Lebo said the U.S. has seen its own share of long-serving senators who remained productive and enduringly popular with voters throughout their Senate careers.
"A lot of these people who have been there forever are icons," Lebo said, pointing to the late John McCain, as one such example.
McCain, a Republican presidential nominee who challenged Barack Obama for the White House in 2008, served in the Senate until his death at 81.
"When he could get to the Senate floor, he was as sharp as anybody in that room," Lebo said.
Veteran senators have been front and centre in key political moments in recent times, too.
Weeks before his 81st birthday, then-senator Patrick J. Leahy presided over the second impeachment trial of former U.S. president Donald Trump in 2021. Leahy did not seek re-election to the Senate last year and is now retired. He was a sitting senator for 48 years.
Change seems unlikely
UBC's Quirk said he thinks it's unlikely that an age limit would be imposed for U.S. senators, in part because they would have to vote in favour of halting their own participation in Senate life as older adults.
At the same time, any change to the U.S. Constitution would be very difficult, requiring high levels of support from the House of Representatives and Senate, as well as the states.
Generally speaking, Quirk said, in an institution like the U.S. Senate, the inability of a few members to participate in policy-making shouldn't be an insurmountable issue.
"There is generally less urgency about this kind of problem in a legislature because other members can take over the work," he said.
But the wrinkle in the U.S. Senate comes with tight party standings that make members' participation in votes more important.
Western University's Lebo similarly said he believes that "nothing will change" on the age-limit front.
He said he also thinks many voters want to be in the driver's seat as to whom they elect — or don't elect — to office.
"Americans want to protect their ability to vote for who they want," Lebo said.
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With files from The Associated Press and Reuters