Viktor Bout, the Russian arms dealer swapped for Brittney Griner, known as 'merchant of death'
Bout among most wanted men in the world before 2008; Nicolas Cage film Lord of War loosely based on his life
The life of Viktor Bout reads like a spy thriller.
Russia got the jailed arms dealer back from the United States on Thursday after exchanging imprisoned U.S. basketball star Brittney Griner for him at Abu Dhabi airport.
Variously dubbed "the merchant of death" and "the sanctions buster" for his ability to get around arms embargoes, Bout, 55, was one of the world's most wanted men prior to his 2008 arrest on multiple charges related to arms trafficking.
For almost two decades, Bout became the world's most notorious arms dealer, selling weaponry to rogue states, rebel groups and murderous warlords in Africa, Asia and South America.
Origins shrouded in mystery
His notoriety was such that his life helped inspire a Hollywood film, 2005's Lord of War, starring Nicolas Cage as Yuri Orlov, an arms dealer loosely based on Bout.
Even so, Bout's origins remain shrouded in mystery. Biographies generally agree that he was born in 1967 in Dushanbe, then the capital of Soviet Tajikistan, close to the border with Afghanistan.
A gifted linguist — who later used his reported command of English, French, Portuguese, Arabic and Persian to build his international arms empire — Bout allegedly attended the Dushanbe Esperanto club as a young boy, becoming fluent in the artificial language.
A stint in the Soviet army followed, where Bout has said he achieved the rank of lieutenant, serving as a military translator, including in Angola, a country that would later become central to his business.
Bout's big breakthrough came in the days after the 1989-91 collapse of the Communist bloc, cashing in on a sudden glut of discarded Soviet-era weaponry to fuel a series of fratricidal civil wars in Africa, Asia and beyond.
With the Soviet Union's vast air fleet disintegrating, Bout was able to acquire a squadron of around 60 old Soviet military aircraft based out of the United Arab Emirates, with which he could supply his products around the world.
Business over politics
A 2007 biography entitled Merchant of Death: Guns, Planes and the Man Who Makes War Possible, by Douglas Farah and Stephen Braun, reported several details of Bout's murky trade. Reuters could not independently verify its description.
From a base in the Gulf emirate of Sharjah, Bout interwove his arms trafficking empire with a seemingly innocuous logistics business, always insisting when queried that he was a legitimate entrepreneur with respectable clients.
Even so, Bout, who first appeared on the CIA's radar amid reports of a shadowy Russian citizen trading arms in Africa, was by the turn of the millennium one of the most wanted men in the world.
But Bout, whose clients included rebel groups and militias across the world, had little in the way of firm ideology, tending to place business above politics.
In Afghanistan, he variously sold guns to Islamist Taliban insurgents and their foes in the pro-Western Northern Alliance, according to Merchant of Death.
The book said Bout supplied guns to then-Liberian president and warlord Charles Taylor, now serving a 50-year prison term for murder, rape and terrorism, and to various Congolese factions as well as Philippine Islamist militant group Abu Sayyaf.
The end only came in 2008, after an elaborate sting operation by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration saw Bout tracked across multiple countries to a luxury hotel in Bangkok.
Sting operation
During a spectacular sting operation, Bout was caught on camera agreeing to sell undercover U.S. agents, posing as representatives of Colombia's leftist FARC guerrillas, 100 surface-to-air missiles, which they would use to kill U.S. troops. Shortly afterward, he was arrested by Thai police.
After more than two years of diplomatic wrangling, in which Russia loudly insisted Bout was innocent and his case politically charged, he was extradited to the United States, where he faced a raft of charges, including conspiracy to support terrorists, conspiracy to kill Americans and money laundering.
Bout was tried on the charges related to FARC, which he denied, and in 2012 was convicted and sentenced by a court in Manhattan to 25 years in prison, the minimum sentence possible.
The Bout-for-Griner prisoner swap is not a trade, it's an American surrender. This is not what American strength looks like. Terrorists and rogue states are smiling.
—@AmbJohnBoltonEver since, the Russian state has been keen to get him back.
For some experts, Russia's continued interest in Bout, plus his skills and connections in the international arms trade, hint strongly at Russian intelligence ties.
'Almost certainly a GRU agent'
In interviews, Bout has said he attended Moscow's Military Institute of Foreign Languages, which serves as a training ground for military intelligence officers.
"Bout was almost certainly a GRU agent, or at least a GRU asset," said Mark Galeotti, an expert on the Russian security services at the Royal United Services Institute think-tank, referring to Russia's military intelligence service.
"His case has become totemic for the Russian intelligence services, who are keen to show that they don't abandon their own people," Galeotti added.
According to Christopher Miller, a journalist who has corresponded with neo-Nazis imprisoned along with Bout at U.S. Penitentiary Marion in Illinois, the former arms dealer kept a photo of Russian President Vladimir Putin in his cell and said he did not believe Ukraine should exist as a state.