U.S., Guatemala sign asylum restriction pact, but legality questioned

The Trump administration has signed an agreement with Guatemala that would restrict asylum applications to the U.S. from Central America, possibly as early as next month. 

The so-called safe third country agreement would require migrants, including Salvadorans and Hondurans, who cross into Guatemala on their way to the U.S. to apply for protections in Guatemala instead of at the U.S. border. It could potentially ease the crush of migrants overwhelming the U.S. immigration system, although many questions remain about how the agreement will be executed.

U.S. President Donald Trump on Friday heralded the concession as a win as he struggles to live up to his campaign promises on immigration.

"This is a very big day," he said. "We have long been working with Guatemala and now we can do it the right way."

He claimed "this landmark agreement will put the coyotes and smugglers out of business."

The announcement comes after a court in California blocked Trump's most restrictive asylum effort to date, one that would effectively end protections at the southern border, in a decision the U.S. president heralded on social media.

The two countries had been negotiating such an agreement for months, and Trump threatened Wednesday to place tariffs or other consequences on Guatemala if it didn't reach a deal.

"We'll either do tariffs or we'll do something. We're looking at something very severe with respect to Guatemala," Trump had said.

But on Friday, Trump praised the Guatemalan government, saying now it has "a friend in the United States, instead of an enemy in the United States."

Trump said the agreement would protect "the rights of those with legitimate claims," end "abuse" of the asylum system and curtail the crisis on the U.S. southern border.

He said that as part of the agreement, the U.S. would increase access to the H-2A visa program for temporary agricultural workers from Guatemala.

It's not clear how the agreement will take effect. Guatemala's Constitutional Court has granted three injunctions preventing its government from entering into a deal without approval of the country's congress.

Legality of agreement questioned

Guatemalan President Jimmy Morales said via social media the agreement allows the country to avoid "drastic sanctions ... many of them designed to strongly punish our economy, such as taxes on remittances that our brothers send daily, as well as the imposition of tariffs on our export goods and migratory restrictions."

Earlier Friday, Morales questioned the concept of a safe third country.

"Where does that term exist? It does not exist; it is a colloquial term. No agreement exists that is called safe third country."

Human rights prosecutor Jordan Rodas said his team was studying the legality of the agreement and whether Interior Minister Enrique Degenhart had the authority to sign the compact.

Guatemala's government put out a six-paragraph, Spanish-language statement Friday on Twitter. It does not call the agreement "safe third country," but "Co-operation Agreement for the Assessment of Protection Requests."

The government said that in the coming days, its Labour Ministry "will start issuing work visas in the agriculture industry, which will allow Guatemalans to travel legally to the United States, to avoid being victims of criminal organizations, to work temporarily and then return to Guatemala, which will strengthen family unity."

The same conditions driving Salvadorans and Hondurans to flee their country — gang violence, poverty, joblessness, a prolonged drought that has severely hit crop yields — are also present in Guatemala. Observers say Guatemala also lacks resources to adequately house, educate or provide opportunity to potential asylum seekers.

'Abandon this cruel and illegal plan'

In Guatemala City, social and student organizations spoke out against the agreement in front of the Constitutional Court, on the grounds the country is mired in poverty and unemployment, and has no capacity to serve migrants. They called for a protest rally Saturday.

Advocacy groups also condemned the move Friday, with Amnesty International saying "any attempts to force families and individuals fleeing their home countries to seek safety in Guatemala are outrageous."

"The Trump administration must abandon this cruel and illegal plan to shut doors to families and individuals trying to rebuild their lives in safety," said Charanya Krishnaswami, the group's advocacy director for the Americas.

New York Democratic Rep. Eliot Engel, chair of the House committee on foreign affairs, said Trump's decision to sign the agreement was "cruel and immoral.

"It is also illegal," he added. "Simply put, Guatemala is not a safe country for refugees and asylum seekers, as the law requires."

Guatemala leads Border Patrol arrests

U.S. Homeland Security officials said they expected the agreement to be ratified in Guatemala and would begin implementing it in August.

Acting Secretary Kevin McAleenan said it was part of a long-standing effort with Guatemala to address migration and combat smuggling. He cautioned against calling the country unsafe for refugees.

"It's risky to label an entire country as unsafe. We often paint Central America with a very broad brush," he said. "There are obviously places in Guatemala and in the U.S. that are dangerous, but that doesn't mean it doesn't have a full and fair process. That's what the statute is focused on. It doesn't mean safety from all risks."

Guatemalans accounted for 34 per cent of Border Patrol arrests on the Mexican border from October to June, more than any other nationality. Next were:

• Hondurans at 30 per cent.
• Mexicans at 18 per cent.
• Salvadorans at 10 per cent.

Asked if he expected to reach similar agreements with Honduras and El Salvador, Trump said: "I do indeed."