New Galapagos giant tortoise species identified

Scientists have identified a new species of giant tortoise on the Galapagos Islands, using genetic data to determine that a group of 250 of the slow-moving grazing reptiles was distinct from other tortoise species residing in the Pacific archipelago.

The newly identified species lives in a 40-square-kilometre (15-square-mile) area of Santa Cruz Island and is as different genetically from the other giant tortoise species on the island as species from other islands, the scientists said on Wednesday.

The research differentiated the new Eastern Santa Cruz tortoise, given the scientific name Chelonoidis donfaustoi, from a larger population of about 2,000 tortoises living about 10 kilometres (6 miles) away on the western part of the island that belong to the species Chelonoidis porteri.

Scientists long had thought all the giant tortoises on the island were from the same species.

"Its closest relative is not the species on the same island but a species from the neighboring island to the east, San Cristobal," Yale University evolutionary biologist Adalgisa Caccone said.

The researchers used two types of genetic data to determine that it merited being recognized as a separate species, bringing to 15 the number of Galapagos giant tortoise species.

Distinctive shell shape

In addition to genetic differences, the two Santa Cruz Island species also differ in the shape of their shell, with the Eastern Santa Cruz tortoise having one with a more compressed shape, Caccone said. The newly identified species lives in a drier part of the island, Caccone added.

Giant tortoises, which can reach some 225 kilograms (500 pounds) are among the famous creatures of the Galapagos Islands closely studied by 19th century British naturalist Charles Darwin.

"It is part of the process of understanding the evolutionary history of this iconic group that inspired Charles Darwin when he visited the islands and certainly contributed to the development of his theory of evolution via natural selection," Caccone said.

The Galapagos Islands are one of only two locales inhabited by giant tortoises, along with the Indian Ocean's Aldabra Atoll. Galapagos tortoises graze on grasses, leaves, cactus and fruit but can survive up to a year without food or water.

The tortoises, classified as endangered, were hunted almost to oblivion by sailors who stashed them in the holds of ships as food during lengthy sea voyages.

The new species' scientific name honors a recently retired National Galapagos Park ranger named Fausto Llerena Sanchez.

The findings were published in the journal PLOS ONE.