Even as long-form census data returns, Statscan readies for day without it
Wednesday's release expected to focus on immigrants, Indigenous Peoples
As a political brawl played out on Parliament Hill seven years ago over the cancellation of the long-form census, Statistics Canada quietly kept the mandatory survey on life support, waiting for the day it might again come in handy.
The fruits of that foresight will become apparent Wednesday when the agency delivers the latest tranche of data from the 2016 census — and the first details from that resurrected mandatory long-form questionnaire after a 10-year hiatus.
It's the latest layer on the paint-by-numbers population portrait Statistics Canada began unveiling earlier this year: a population boom out West and a spike in the number of households; a historically high number of seniors; children living at home longer; and more generations than ever living under a single Canadian roof, among other flourishes of fact.
Wednesday's release is expected to show immigrants making up a larger share of the population, with more and more of them settling in western Canada, along with additional insight into how they, their children and their grandchildren are doing at making ends meet.
- 2016 census: Highlights of Statistics Canada's latest release on age and gender
- Census 2016: highlights from latest report on Canadian income levels
The census will also provide details on Indigenous Peoples, whose numbers are growing faster and skewing younger than the non-Indigenous population. Their numbers are expected to be close to 1.7 million with about one-quarter expected to be under age 15, said Doug Norris, chief demographer at Environics Analytics.
After the previous Conservative government cancelled the long-form census in 2010, Wayne Smith, then the country's chief statistician, was among the senior managers who had agency workers quietly prepare a mandatory survey that would be ready for a government change of heart — or a change of government.
Blip in census history
It's not clear whether the agency will make any comparative use of 2011's national household survey, a voluntary substitute that was quickly panned due to problems with data quality. Instead, Statistics Canada is expected to focus on comparing the latest numbers to their 2006 counterparts — a sign the agency would rather forget what Smith called a difficult period that produced a blip in census history.
That blip, however, continues to have ripple effects on the long-form questionnaire.
When the previous Conservative government cancelled the mandatory survey in 2010, citing privacy concerns, Statistics Canada invested in efforts to create a statistical register of the population from government holdings, known as administrative data. Michael Wolfson, a former assistant chief statistician, said the national household survey gave the agency "the raison d'etre to for a much stronger push into developing administrative data sources."
Agency officials had previously been uneasy about the concept, fearing a leak of details would result in a "privacy Armageddon," Smith said. But the Conservatives were nonetheless keen on creating the digital register.
So census officials mined government information holdings like birth certificates, immigration records, driver's licences and tax files with greater zeal to build profiles of almost every Canadian, plug any data gaps in the voluntary survey, and potentially replace large swaths of the questionnaire.
This year, for example, the income data in the census came entirely from tax return information held by the Canada Revenue Agency, eliminating one question on the long-form survey.
Hopes for real-time data collection
In an August report, Statistics Canada said it had used CRA's administrative data, federal immigration and citizenship records — along with details from provinces and territories — to create national, provincial and territorial population counts it says are comparable to the 2011 results. Only in cities and small towns did the model fall short.
The agency hopes to use parts of statistical register in time for the 2021 census and potentially replace the short-form questionnaire beginning in 2026.
Eventually, the figures could be updated in real-time rather than updating population counts every five years.
"You can have the equivalent to census data for a large number of variables every year, or even continuously for that matter," said Smith, who oversaw some of the work before resigning last year as chief statistician.
That could free up resources to focus surveys on items captured in the census that aren't available in any administrative source, such as ethnicity, visible minority status and Aboriginal identity — all questions the statistics office will answer this week, said Michael Haan, an associate professor in the school of sociology at Western University in London, Ont.
Other countries that created statistical registers have sent out shorter questionnaires annually on many of those topics, Haan said.
"You won't have to fill out lots of information on your household composition because we can get that from other data sources," he said. "But those files will be supplemented by a shorter survey about the things that don't exist on administrative files."
Key figures Statistics Canada has released to date from the 2016 census:
35,151,728: Canadian population on census day 2016.
5: Percentage increase in the population between 2011 and 2016.
16.9: Proportion of the national population over age 65, a historic high.
41: Average age of the Canadian population.
7,974,370: Canadians whose mother tongue is neither English nor French.
34.7: Percentage of people age 20 to 34 living with their parents, a historic high.
$70,336: Median household income in 2015, the most recent year available.
10.8: Percentage increase in median household income between 2005 and 2015.
4.8 million: Canadians, including children, living below the poverty line in 2015.
1.2 million: Number of children living in low-income households in 2015.
14.5: Percentage of Canadian seniors over age 65 living in low income in 2015.
97.8: Response rate from the long-form census, the highest Statistics Canada has ever recorded.