Toronto

Traditional African scars are helping researches tell the stories of the slave trade

When people from Africa were shipped across the ocean during the transatlantic slave trade, homelands, languages, religions and names were ripped away - but traditional markings endured.

Teams from Trent and OCAD want to bring ‘individual lives’ into study of slavery

A drawing from a 1924 book on tribal markings in Africa. This kind of document is helping researchers understand the meaning behind the ritual scars on people who were enslaved. (Submitted by Katrina Keefer)

Relying on careful analysis of traditional scarification, researchers from two Ontario universities are trying to rediscover the individual lives and stories of thousands of African people whose history had been erased by the transatlantic slave trade.

When people from Africa were taken from their communities and shipped across the ocean, languages, religions and names were ripped away.

But as Trent University adjunct professor Katrina Keefer explained on Ontario Morning, the traditional scarification and markings worn by many African people who were sold into slavery can fill in part of their stories.

Keefer has been poring over descriptions of the markings documented in archival drawings and ledgers to built a picture of where people came from, and where they ended up.

The 1815 Register of Liberated Africans held at the Public Archives of Sierra Leone, Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone. On the right are detailed descriptions of each person's ritual scarring. (Submitted by Katrina Keefer)

"You might find a runaway slave ad from South Carolina, say 1830, and it would describe 'Sally' and Sally might have 'country marks,'" Keefer told Ontario Morning guest host Susan McReynolds.

"If you know those marks, you can say, 'Sally wasn't really Sally.' Maybe she's Igbo, maybe she's Hausa, maybe she's Yoruba."

The scarification and markings function almost like an "inscribed passport," said Keefer.

Collaboration with OCAD U

She is working with Martha Ladly, from OCAD University, to create a searchable visual database that gives people more of an understanding of the actual people who were caught up in the brutality of the slave trade.

The OCAD team is building the algorithms and software for the database, while Keefer and her assistants gather and refine the data. 

Martha Ladly (left) Katrina Keefer (centre) and Kartikay Chadha (right) present on their research at York University in 2018. (Submitted by Katrina Keefer )

Keefer believes that many Canadians still don't grasp the horror and magnitude of transatlantic slave trade, which was operating for over three centuries.

"We're talking about an absolutely massive number of people," she said, "12.5 million people who were removed from the continent, of whom 10.7 million survived passage."

Now, she's hoping the descendants of those sold into slavery will use the database to learn more about their origins.

"We can show people who otherwise wouldn't be able to see ancestors because of this huge impediment of the slave trade," she said.

Keefer's photography set-up in Sierra Leone, where she goes annually to gather more archival material. (Subimtted by Katrina Keefer)

With files from Ontario Morning