Nike shifted billions in profits from Europe to tax-free Bermuda, Paradise Papers leak shows

Five days before Christmas 2006, Nike chief executive Mark Parker was in an upbeat mood on a conference call with Wall Street analysts.

"So, how are we doing?" he asked himself out loud, almost a year since his promotion to the job. "In a word, I would say 'good.'"

He reeled off a list of recent achievements, including a brief mention of "a more favourable long-term tax agreement in Europe," according to a transcript of the call. This had, he said, "secured a big advantage."

An advantage over whom or what? How big? What did this favourable agreement entail? These were all questions the analysts did not ask. The mechanics of tax avoidance are rarely scrutinized on such calls despite the enormous earnings boost they can provide — and the damage they can do to national treasuries.

Behind the scenes, authorities in the Netherlands had effectively signed off on a 10-year tax avoidance agreement which started in June 2005 that would allow the sportswear maker to shift billions of dollars in profits from Europe to the tax haven of Bermuda.

Nike's tax burden hasn't been the same since. In the three years after that conference call, its after-tax profits would jump by an astounding 55 per cent, to $1.88 billion US, thanks in substantial part to a drop in its worldwide effective tax rate from 34.9 per cent to 24.8 per cent – on its way to 13.2 per cent last year.

How Nike keeps taxes low

Nike's tax planning over the years exemplifies how adept multinationals can be at staying ahead of the game. By building cross-border structures of interconnected companies that trade with one another, global businesses are often able to find ways of unlocking tax savings that no lawmaker intended them to receive.

In many instances, these structures have no purpose other than to push global profits into offshore tax havens or into companies that are, for tax purposes, based nowhere at all.

Vital to Nike's new arrangement was a Bermudan subsidiary, Nike International Ltd. Through it, the sportswear maker held ownership of its iconic Swoosh logo, together with other prized trademarks, for markets outside the United States.

The Bermudan subsidiary was able to charge trademark royalty fees to Nike's European headquarters, in the Dutch town of Hilversum, which was selling sneakers and other sportswear to thousands of independent wholesalers and retailers as well as directly to customers through Nike's own stores across Europe.

The royalty fees shifted billions in profits away from Europe, where they would otherwise have been taxed, and salted them away about 5,888 kilometres across the sea in tax-free Bermuda — where, the leaked documents reveal, Nike has no staff or offices but a few documents on file at the Bermudan corporate registry and at Appleby, a legal and corporate services firm.

Appleby offers 'lawful ways' to do business

The ICIJ, Süddeutsche Zeitung and more than 90 other media partners, have been analyzing about 6.8 million leaked documents from the internal files of offshore law firm Appleby Global and corporate services provider Estera, two businesses that operated together under the Appleby name until Estera became independent in 2016. Together with other documents and test purchases made across Europe, the leaked files reveal how Nike's tax avoidance structure worked.

Internal Appleby files show how much of Nike International's affairs were run by senior executives, lawyers and accountants at Nike's headquarters in Beaverton, Ore. A duplicate of the Nike International's official seal — a stamp used to execute documents in significant transactions — was kept in Beaverton. Nevertheless, for tax purposes, Nike International remained firmly Bermudan.

Appleby declined to answer questions but said on its website: "We are an offshore law firm who advises clients on legitimate and lawful ways to conduct their business."

• Read Appleby's full response to the Paradise Papers leak

For years, enormous royalty payments to Bermuda went unmentioned in the accounts of Nike's Dutch subsidiaries .The first clue as to the scale of money flowing offshore came last year when Nike made limited disclosures in a largely unrelated case in U.S. Tax Court. Court submissions included brief mention of royalty payments to Bermuda in 2010, 2011 and 2012. Together, they totalled $3.86 billion.

The flow of trademark royalties had helped Nike build up $6.6 billion in offshore profits by June 2014. This sum had been taxed at just three per cent outside the U.S. And because it remained offshore, it had yielded no U.S. tax at all.

Presented with questions about this tax arrangement, Nike responded only with this statement: "Nike fully complies with tax regulations."

When one tax loophole closes, another opens

In 2014, the generous deal that Nike received from Dutch tax authorities in 2005 was about to expire. But Nike and its advisers, including the U.S. law firm Baker McKenzie, came up with a solution. With only a few adjustments, they realized, trademark payments could continue to flow out of Nike's European headquarters with little or no tax.

After a reorganization of Nike's tax-avoidance structure in 2014, its operations in Hilversum made royalty payments of $982 million in 2015 and $1.13 billion in 2016, company accounts show.

Under the revised structure, the Swoosh and other trademarks had been transferred from the Bermuda subsidiary to a new Dutch subsidiary, Nike Innovate CV.

The initials "CV" appear repeatedly in the leaked Appleby and Estera records, offering a glimpse at one of the most secretive and effective components in tax-avoidance strategies. The Netherlands' CV — which stands for "commanditaire vennootschap" or limited partnership — is born out of legislation dating back to the 1830s. In recent times, it has proved popular with multinationals because, if set up carefully, it can escape Dutch taxes and taxes elsewhere, too.

• Read CBC's full coverage of the Paradise Papers leak

In effect, a CV that is owned by partners outside the Netherlands can be entirely stateless, and therefore taxless. Many U.S. multinationals therefore set up non-Dutch holding companies that agree to form Dutch CVs.

This is how it works: Under the Dutch law, profits made through a CV are regarded as if they were made by the partners. As such, these earnings have been made outside the Netherlands and cannot be taxed there. Other countries, meanwhile, see the picture differently. They see Dutch CVs much like regular companies and regard the taxing rights as belonging to the Dutch.

In tax-avoidance circles, this confusion is much sought after and is known as a "hybrid mismatch."

According to an analysis of U.S. balance-of-payments data by Gabriel Zucman, an economist at the University of California, Berkeley, almost one in six dollars of foreign profit made by American multinationals last year was made — on paper at least — through Dutch subsidiaries.

The ICIJ reviewed stock market filings for America's 500 largest publicly-traded multinationals, using data available in June 2017 and found 214 subsidiaries that were formed as Dutch CVs. Nike currently has 11 CV subsidiaries.

Regulators playing catch-up

Despite initial resistance from the Netherlands, the European Union this year adopted a directive requiring member states to tighten their tax laws to combat the most aggressive avoidance structures — including those involving CVs — by 2022 at the latest.

The Dutch Ministry of Finance said it expected to publish draft legislation next year with a view to the new rules coming into effect from the start of 2020.

In late 2016, the ministry had urged other EU member states to delay reforms because of the heavy toll they were likely to take on the Dutch economy, where the government estimates that 77,660 jobs are linked to U.S. multinationals that had been drawn to the Netherlands by the possibility of developing tax structures using CVs.

"The loss of the advantages provided by this structure would make the Netherlands less attractive to the American multinationals who use it," the ministry told the ICIJ in a statement.

"Without simultaneous changes in tax rates, jobs may be lost as companies relocated their head office functions to alternative locations where they can set up a hybrid mismatch structure or to low-tax countries."

Dutch CV popular with multinationals

Despite the likelihood of new legislation to curb the use of CVs in tax planning, it has remained popular with U.S. multinationals.

Ride-booking app provider Uber has set up a Dutch CV with the help of Appleby (later Estera), as has data storage group NetApp. For 2014 and 2015, NetApp's CV made royalty profits of $1.1 billion, on which it paid no tax. In the last two years Tesla has asked Appleby's office on the Isle of Man — a tax haven about 8,160 kilometres miles from its headquarters in Palo Alto, Calif. – to take minutes at meetings for its new CV.

Asked whether these meetings were taking place in the Isle of Man, whether Tesla's CV held rights to any of the carmaker's valuable intangible property and where the CV filed tax returns, Tesla declined to comment specifically. Instead, a spokesperson said in a statement: "Not only are we fully compliant with the law, but Tesla has not realized any tax benefit from [its CV]."

NetApp declined to comment, as did Uber, which is yet to realize a benefit from its tax structure as it spends profits on expansion.

Asked whether Nike Innovate CV files tax returns in any country or whether it is in fact stateless, Nike declined to comment. In a statement, Nike said, "We rigorously ensure our tax filings are fully aligned with how we run our business, the investments we make and the jobs we create."

Since switching property rights to the Swoosh and other trademarks from the Bermuda subsidiary to the Dutch partnership in 2014, Nike's offshore profits have continued to grow. At the end of May 2017, it had reached $12.2 billion. These accumulated earnings have been taxed at less than two per cent by foreign tax authorities — and not at all in the U.S.

Meanwhile, Parker, the Nike CEO, has also continued to prosper. For the last six years, he received compensation worth a total of nearly $144 million, in part for increasing profits and keeping taxes down. The chair of the compensation committee that sets Parker's pay is Apple chief executive Tim Cook, whose company has been similarly aggressive in reducing taxes.

On his conference call to Wall Street at the end of September, Parker once again sounded optimistic.

"We're very bullish on what's coming down the pipeline," he said.

And once again, Wall Street analysts were told that Nike had revised downward its forecast for the multinational's effective tax rate.

Three months earlier, Nike had predicted finishing its financial year in May 2018 with a tax rate between 16 and 18 per cent. Since then, executives explained, expectations had altered. The new likely range was 15 to 17 per cent. 

CBC is part of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists that produced this story but did not independently verify the specific allegations.