What we know about Princess Catherine's cancer diagnosis
Preventative chemotherapy and other cancer terms explained
Catherine, the Princess of Wales, has finished chemotherapy treatment after being diagnosed with an unspecified type of cancer earlier this year.
In a video statement issued Monday, Catherine she would be focused on "staying cancer free" as she began a slow return to work in the fall. The princess began preventative chemotherapy treatment in February after major abdominal surgery in January found the presence of cancer.
Here are some explanations of terms she used to describe her condition and what we know about her diagnosis:
What kind of treatment did Catherine have?
In a video statement in March, Catherine said she was undergoing a course of "preventative chemotherapy" to treat her illness.
Kensington Palace said no additional details about her treatment would be revealed publicly, other than that she started it in late February.
The palace also said it would not say what type of cancer was found.
"We will not be sharing any further private medical information. The princess has a right to medical privacy as we all do," the statement said.
What's preventative chemotherapy?
After successful surgery, chemotherapy is often used to help kill any undetectable cancer cells and to prevent the cancer from coming back or spreading.
"The sort of chemotherapy and the time length of treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer as confirmed by examining the cancer removed at surgery," said Lawrence Young, professor of molecular oncology at the University of Warwick in a release posted on the website of the U.K.-based Science Media Centre, which works with journalists to disseminate scientific information.
In Canada, preventative chemotherapy is often called adjuvant therapy.
What type and stage of cancer was Catherine diagnosed with?
Traditionally, types of cancer are named after where they start in the body, according to the Canadian Cancer Society.
This could include an organ such as the breasts for solid tumours or the blood for cancers like leukemia.
The stage of cancer takes into account where a cancer is located, its size, how far it has grown into nearby tissue and if it has spread to lymph nodes or other parts of the body.
None of this is public in Catherine's case.
In general, cure rates are higher when cancer is found at an early stage. That's why cancer specialists emphasize the importance of preventative screening designed to detect cancers early or before cancer symptoms are noticeable.
Are cancers common for people of Catherine's age?
The Princess of Wales is 42.
Cancer is a disease of aging because the longer a cell has existed, the more opportunities the genes in a dividing cell have to change or mutate.
More recently, researchers around the world have documented an increase in cancers in those under 50. These are considered early-onset cancers.
A 2023 BMJ analysis suggested that the early onset of 29 different cancers had risen nearly 80 per cent globally between 1990 and 2019. The number of early-onset cancer deaths increased by almost 28 per cent.
In the U.S., a study published in JAMA Network Open also concluded a wide range of cancers among American adults under 50 had increased between 2010 and 2019, particularly among women.
Why cancers seem to be on the rise in those under 50 is not known. Cancer researchers are exploring several ideas, including changes in diet, a more sedentary lifestyle and other environmental factors.
"All of these things have been studied to some extent, but there's no clear answer," said Christopher Booth, a medical oncologist at Kingston General Hospital in Kingston, Ont.
Booth said oncologists in Canada are also increasingly seeing cancer in younger adults as well.
"It remains a disease that's still highly treatable if caught at an appropriate time."
Ian Bookman, a gastroenterologist in Toronto, said the research "doesn't mean every young person needs to run out and start getting cancer screening."
How extensive was Catherine's cancer at diagnosis?
Since we don't know what stage the cancer was that was found during Catherine's surgery, we can't say how extensive it might be.
Cancer cells grow uncontrollably and can spread, or metastasize, to other parts of the body.
Benign tumours don't spread.
Cancer cells act differently than healthy cells. Specifically, they:
- Don't die off like other cells.
- Grow more quickly than other cells.
- Bypass the immune system's defences, which work to keep abnormal or invading cells in check.
In her statement in September, Catherine said she was focused on staying "cancer free."
"Although I have finished chemotherapy, my path to healing and full recovery is long and I must continue to take each day as it comes," she said.
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With files from The Associated Press and CBC's Christine Birak
